{"id":18604,"date":"2025-03-30T13:02:05","date_gmt":"2025-03-30T13:02:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theprivateclinic.me\/?p=18604"},"modified":"2025-03-30T13:02:05","modified_gmt":"2025-03-30T13:02:05","slug":"reclassifying-psychopathology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theprivateclinic.me\/ar\/posts\/mental-health\/reclassifying-psychopathology\/","title":{"rendered":"Reclassifying Psychopathology"},"content":{"rendered":"<a href=\"https:\/\/chatgpt.com\/?prompt=%D9%82%D9%85%20%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologicalscience.org%2Fpublications%2Fobserver%2Freclassifying-psychopathology.html%3Frand%3D15311%20%D9%88%D9%82%D9%85%20%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B5%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89%20%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%20%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%20%20%22Reclassifying%20Psychopathology%22%20%D9%84%D9%8A\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: #ffffff;text-decoration: none;font-size: 15px;background-color: #10a37f;padding: 12px 16px;margin: 0 0 16px 0;text-align: center;font-weight: bold; width: 100%; border-radius: 12px; display: block\">Summarize \u2728 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635<\/a><p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"collapser\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#\" class=\"toggler\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-align-justify\" title=\"Toggle\"><\/i><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding-top: 3px\"><strong>Quick Take<\/strong><\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-arrow-circle-down\" title=\"Collapse Content\"><\/i><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"collapsed\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is often criticized for the way it categorizes mental illnesses.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>New approaches, such as the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, organize mental illnesses on a spectrum rather than in discrete diagnoses.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>Individuals\u2019 day-to-day fluctuations in symptoms are also being given more consideration with new methods for taking frequent measurements.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>More research is needed but these new approaches offer hope of earlier interventions, less stigma, and better therapies.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-style-plain is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" id=\"top\">\n<p><strong><strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#dimensions\">Dimensions instead of diagnoses<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>\u2022<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong><strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#variance\">Day-to-day variance<\/a><\/strong><\/strong> <strong>\u2022<\/strong> <strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#potential\">Potential and promise<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has faced many criticisms over the years. Mental illnesses don\u2019t neatly fit into its categories, boundaries for diagnoses can seem arbitrary, and reliability from clinician to clinician, or even for one patient over time, is low.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThese diagnoses don\u2019t do a good job at capturing people\u2019s symptoms,\u201d said Miri Forbes, an associate professor at Macquarie University, in an interview with the <em>Observer<\/em>. \u201cThey don\u2019t map onto the way people experience symptoms in a clean way.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The current system is both too specific and too general, said Aidan Wright, a professor at the University of Michigan. On the one hand, certain diagnoses, like <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/psychologicalscience.org\/tag\/depression\">depression<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/psychologicalscience.org\/tag\/anxiety\">anxiety<\/a>, co-occur more often than would be expected based on chance, suggesting that the categories are not as distinct as the DSM assumes. On the other hand, because of the DSM\u2019s checklist nature (people must meet some but not necessarily all symptoms to receive a diagnosis), two people with different symptoms might end up with the same diagnosis. Their underlying issues and thus appropriate treatment plan might be different.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOne diagnosis doesn&#8217;t always capture the full range of psychopathology,\u201d said Wright. \u201cMaybe we should stop defining it in these neat categories that don&#8217;t seem to hold up.\u201d&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Both the variation between individuals within a diagnostic category and the co-occurrence of multiple diagnoses make identifying treatments difficult. \u201cThose diagnoses haven\u2019t cracked open the answer to effective treatments,\u201d said Forbes.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Studies are often focused on trying to get a clean look at one particular issue, such as anxiety. To do so, people with more than one issue\u2014anxiety and <a href=\"https:\/\/theprivateclinic.me\/ar\/posts\/mental-health\/understanding-depression-symptoms-types-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment\/\">depression<\/a>, for example\u2014are excluded from the study. Any resulting treatment won\u2019t work in the clinic because the included participants \u201care unicorns,\u201d as APS Fellow Koraly P\u00e9rez-Edgar, a professor at The Pennsylvania State University, said in an interview with the <em>Observer<\/em>. \u201cThe people you\u2019re dealing with in the clinic aren\u2019t just pure anxiety and nothing else.\u201d&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>But getting treatments covered by insurance, or even recruiting participants to study, requires labels and categories. \u201cAt some point, someone\u2019s going to ask, \u2018Do you meet criteria?\u2019\u201d said P\u00e9rez-Edgar. \u201cThe only way to create criteria is to have a formula of sorts. The question is, what does that formula look like?\u201d Recently, more researchers have asked that question and are trying to devise ways to better classify mental illnesses in the hopes of fixing some of these issues.<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere&#8217;s just been this groundswell from different corners of the field saying, \u2018Hey, we need to be doing things differently. The old way isn&#8217;t moving us forward,\u2019\u201d said Wright.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/theprivateclinic.me\/ar\/posts\/mental-health\/reclassifying-psychopathology\/#Dimensions_instead_of_diagnoses\" >Dimensions instead of diagnoses&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/theprivateclinic.me\/ar\/posts\/mental-health\/reclassifying-psychopathology\/#Day-to-day_variance\" >Day-to-day variance&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/theprivateclinic.me\/ar\/posts\/mental-health\/reclassifying-psychopathology\/#Potential_and_promise\" >Potential and promise&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dimensions\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dimensions_instead_of_diagnoses\"><\/span><strong>Dimensions instead of diagnoses<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>To address some of these issues, in 2017 a group including Wright and Forbes created the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). The idea was to replace traditional diagnoses with dimensions and to view mental illnesses on a spectrum rather than as clear-cut categories. Broader dimensions (such as internalizing) are at the base of the hierarchy, related issues (such as major depressive disorder and <a href=\"https:\/\/theprivateclinic.me\/ar\/posts\/mental-health\/understanding-generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad-symptoms-types-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment\/\">generalized anxiety disorder<\/a>) are clumped together in the middle, and specific symptoms make up the tip.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>But HiTOP was built using the DSM constructs. \u201cThe more time that I spent in that area, the more that I thought, \u2018Well, it\u2019s pretty ironic that we\u2019re building this framework on the back of the DSM diagnoses with the rationale that we should stop using DSM diagnoses,\u2019\u201d said Forbes.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In order to truly get away from the DSM constructs and start from scratch, Forbes used individual symptoms as the building blocks. Her team created a spreadsheet with each diagnostic criterion from every disorder as a separate item, removed any duplicates, and ended up with a list of over 600 unique symptoms. For every symptom, they created a self-report measure. The measures were randomized and scrambled into surveys of various lengths, with almost 15,000 participants and around 7,500 responses to every item. The items were then reorganized according to how they covaried.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21677026241268345\">resulting model<\/a>, published in <em>Clinical Psychological Science<\/em>, is strikingly similar to HiTOP (Forbes, Baillie, et al., 2024). \u201cWhen I break it down into individual symptoms and build it back up, all those same domains are still there,\u201d said Forbes. \u201cI think that it speaks to the robustness of those dimensions as organizing constructs to help us understand people\u2019s symptom presentations.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>But Forbes thinks more large-scale studies need to be done and new perspectives that weren\u2019t available when HiTOP was created need to be added. \u201cThe way that I think about it is not that we need to move away from HiTOP, but that we need to revise it,\u201d she said.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For example, the model needs to be validated across ages, cultures, and identities. In another 2024 <em>Clinical Psychological Science <\/em>study, Forbes examined the structure of psychopathology in youth (Forbes, Watts, et al., 2024). By combining data from six samples, her team created a model based on over 18,000 11- to 17-year-olds. Most of the dimensions were similar to HiTOP, but Forbes also found a dimension covering uncontrollable worry, obsessions and compulsions, and generalized anxiety that is not its own domain in the adult version. Additionally, there was nothing specific to psychosis (such as a thought-disorder category). These findings may be a result of symptoms presenting differently in children and teenagers, or they may be due to the types of questions asked of young participants; regardless, more work needs to be done.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Forbes wants to be sure researchers are thinking about people through many different lenses and across the age span, as well as considering people with different lived experiences. Next, she is hoping to use her adult sample that was organized according to symptoms rather than diagnoses to compare people across cultural and linguistic backgrounds as well as across gender identities and sexual orientations.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThat will actually strengthen the model because we can understand what&#8217;s stable, what&#8217;s robust across all these different ways of looking at people&#8217;s experiences,\u201d she said. \u201cAnd what&#8217;s different? Where do we need to have some flexibility or some different ways of thinking about the dimensions that are most useful for different groups?\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"variance\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Day-to-day_variance\"><\/span><strong>Day-to-day variance<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Another problem with the existing models is they assume traits are stable. A person labeled as anxious, for example, is assumed to be anxious all day, every day, in every context. But in reality, these traits fluctuate from day to day and in different situations. Studying these fluctuations can provide clues to identify needs and find treatments, said P\u00e9rez-Edgar. But by only asking questions retrospectively, providing surveys every few months, and averaging the resulting data, \u201cthose clues have been overlooked.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In an upcoming article in <em>Current Directions in Psychological Science<\/em>, P\u00e9rez-Edgar outlined how changing the time scale examined\u2014making it shorter and taking more frequent measurements\u2014can reveal how even traits assumed to be stable, like temperament, change. For example, delta\u2013beta coupling is the correlation between the delta and beta oscillations of an electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. On average, positive coupling is correlated with behavioral inhibition, a temperament characterized by a fear of novelty and a strong predictor of anxiety. However, when you look moment by moment within individuals, individuals occasionally show negative coupling and the relationship to behavioral inhibition is not as strong.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s the same measure and it\u2019s the same biological relationship, but depending on how you manipulate the data, you\u2019re going to get different answers,\u201d said P\u00e9rez-Edgar. \u201cAnd they give you different predictions.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Individual variance is also lost by averaging across people. Wright is trying to create a more personalized approach to psychopathology, where a model can be created for an individual that takes into account these fluctuations in symptoms and day-to-day variance. It\u2019s not only about a patient\u2019s specific symptoms, but under what conditions they manifest, he said.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Trying to parse out those conditions requires intensive data collection from each individual. A lot of the longitudinal work with such collection methods has been diagnosis-specific, comparing individuals with <a href=\"https:\/\/theprivateclinic.me\/ar\/posts\/mental-health\/understanding-depression-symptoms-types-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment\/\">depression<\/a> to controls, for example. \u201cWhile this is valuable and it gives us good information on some level, on another level, it goes back to this fundamental limitation of selecting people on these diagnoses that have sort of limited validity,\u201d said Wright.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/21677026241291549\">2025 article in <em>Clinical Psychological Science<\/em><\/a>, Wright and colleagues attempted to bring together both the research on the basic dimensions of psychopathology and ways to sample people intensively and repeatedly over time (Wright et al., 2025). The resulting inventory is suitable for studying differences both between individuals and within individuals, over multiple HiTOP domains, and intensively in real time.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA criticism of HiTOP is that it\u2019s often focused on between-person differences at one time point or collapsing over time points,\u201d said Wright. \u201cThis is an effort to really respect that kind of research but also take it into daily life and look at it as a dynamic process that unfolds over time.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Related podcast: <\/strong><strong>A New Approach to Understanding Psychopathology: Insights from the HiTOP Model<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Asking these questions now is possible because of both the ubiquity of the smartphone and advances in computational approaches. Traditionally, clinicians ask for retrospective analysis: What led to a behavior or feeling? What happened before and after? But memory is foggy and flawed and many things may be missed because they didn\u2019t seem important at the time.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSomething is changing on a daily basis in between [sessions],\u201d said P\u00e9rez-Edgar. Having a smartphone available at all times to record in-the-moment data helps capture these missing pieces. \u201cThe technology has helped. It\u2019s given us the data,\u201d she said.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>But all those data require processing. For even a small number of participants, creating individual models and then looking for similarities among them could take weeks, months, or even years, said Wright.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cComputational approaches have emerged that have allowed us to be able to look for those types of commonalities,\u201d he said. \u201cA lot of this stuff is becoming much easier to deal with than it was in the old days.\u201d&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"potential\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Potential_and_promise\"><\/span><strong>Potential and promise<\/strong>&nbsp;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There are still limitations to this new strategy. The constantly pinging smartphone can be burdensome; some participants drop out to avoid answering so many questions. Truly moving away from the DSM system would come with a huge cost and is unlikely unless these new models are justifiably better.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote alignright\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>\u201cThese approaches, I think, have an opportunity to pull in more people, to pull in more ways, to apply our knowledge prior to someone coming in with real impairment.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p><cite>APS Fellow Koraly P\u00e9rez-Edgar<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/figure>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s a really exciting idea with a lot of potential and promise to help researchers and clinicians and clients,\u201d said Forbes. But it\u2019s not yet ready for prime time. \u201cWe just have so much still to learn.\u201d There needs to be large-scale testing in the clinic asking if and how it helps with treatment. Do patients think it does a better job capturing their experiences? Do clinicians feel it gives them a better understanding?&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ultimately this new approach holds a lot of promise. \u201cIt stops us from having diagnostic blinders on where you\u2019re trying to fit symptoms into a box. Instead, it encourages people to think very broadly, to think across all these different dimensions and areas of symptoms and functioning,\u201d said Forbes. It also helps reduce stigma. Putting people in boxes makes them feel fundamentally different from people not in that box. But here, there are no boxes. \u201cEveryone sits somewhere on all of those dimensions,\u201d she said.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>It can also help people who are subclinically anxious or depressed and enable intervention with young children before diagnoses are given. \u201cThese approaches, I think, have an opportunity to pull in more people, to pull in more ways, to apply our knowledge prior to someone coming in with real impairment,\u201d said P\u00e9rez-Edgar. \u201cA lot of times by the time we get them into the clinic they\u2019ve been suffering for a long time.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMy overriding sentiment is of optimism,\u201d Forbes said. She added that she thinks this approach will help researchers find treatments that work for specific symptoms in specific people and contexts. \u201cI\u2019m really excited about the potential and promise of this direction. And impatient for us to get there.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#top\">Back to top<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><strong><em>Feedback on this article? Email&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"mailto:apsobserver@psychologicalscience.org\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><em>apsobserver@psychologicalscience.org<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>&nbsp;or login to comment.<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"collapser\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"#\" class=\"toggler\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-align-justify\" title=\"Toggle\"><\/i><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding-top: 3px\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-arrow-circle-down\" title=\"Collapse Content\"><\/i><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"collapsed\">\n<p>Forbes, M. K., Baillie, A., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A., Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Mewton, L., Pellicano, E., Roberts, M., Rodriguez-Seijas, C., Sunderland, M., Watson, D., Watts, A. L., Wright, A. G. C., &amp; Clark, L. A. (2024). <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21677026241268345\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reconstructing psychopathology: A data-driven reorganization of the symptoms in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/a>. <em>Clinical Psychological Science<\/em>, 0(0).&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Forbes, M. K., Watts, A. L., Twose, M., Barrett, A., Hudson, J. L., Lyneham, H. J., McLellan, L., Newton, N. C., Sicouri, G., Chapman, C., McKinnon, A., Rapee, R. M., Slade, T., Teesson, M., Markon, K., &amp; Sunderland, M. (2024). <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/21677026241257852\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A hierarchical model of the symptom-level structure of psychopathology in youth<\/a>.\u202f<em>Clinical Psychological Science<\/em>,\u202f<em>0<\/em>(0).&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., Brown, T. A., Carpenter, W. T., Caspi, A., Clark, L. A., Eaton, N. R., Forbes, M. K., Forbush, K. T., Goldberg, D., Hasin, D., Hyman, S. E., Ivanova, M. Y., Lynam, D. R., Markon, K., . . . Zimmerman, M. (2017). <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/abn0000258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies<\/a>. <em>Journal of Abnormal Psychology<\/em>, <em>126<\/em>(4), 454\u2013477.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Perez-Edgar, K., Gunther, K., &amp; Vallorani, A. (in press). <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/387139955_The_wobbly_bits_of_development_Variability_fluctuations_and_synchrony_as_temporal_markers_linking_temperament_and_psychopathology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The wobbly bits of development: Variability, fluctuations, and synchrony as temporal markers linking temperament and psychopathology<\/a>. <em>Current Directions in Psychological Science.<\/em>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Wright, A. G. C., Ringwald, W. R., &amp; Zimmermann, J. (2025). <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/21677026241291549\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Measuring psychopathology in daily life<\/a>.\u202f<em>Clinical Psychological Science<\/em>,\u202f<em>0<\/em>(0).&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>This article was written by APS Staff from www.psychologicalscience.org<br \/>\n<br \/><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologicalscience.org\/publications\/observer\/reclassifying-psychopathology.html?rand=15311\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n<!-- CONTENT END 2 -->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Summarize \u2728 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 Quick Take The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is often criticized for the way it categorizes mental illnesses.&nbsp;&nbsp; New approaches, such as the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, organize mental illnesses on a spectrum rather than&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18605,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[343,701,309,169,170,702,703],"class_list":["post-18604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mental-health","tag-anxiety","tag-clinical-psychology","tag-depression","tag-feature","tag-featured-observer","tag-psychiatry","tag-psychopathology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Reclassifying Psychopathology | The Private Clinic<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Researchers are looking for ways to better conceptualize mental illnesses and reflect the natural variance clinicians see in the consulting room, rather than rely on traditional categories.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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